What it does: Currently, Weak AI is becoming ubiquitous. Strong AI is immune to that - and it's strenght comes from having a well-defined ''personality" (not in a human-like sense). Another way that we use to divide the different types of artificial intelligence is by categorizing them as weak and strong, also known as narrow and general. Strong AI is more than just. 1. B. Match. Artificial Intelligence is a method of making a computer, a computer-controlled robot, or a software think intelligently like the human mind. Strong entity is represented by a single rectangle. Weak Acids. Strong AI. Narrow AI, also known as Weak AI, is AI designed for a specific task or a narrow range of tasks. August 13, 2019 • Shannon Flynn Advertisements Artificial intelligence (AI) is a fixture of modern conversations. AI used in the legal industry. Artificial intelligence classified as “soft” or “weak” is response-based AI. The opposite of general AI is narrow AI. When you make a. Theorem 1. When it comes to an understanding of the differences between strong and weak AI, often, cybersecurity specialists tend to overlook the underlying meaning behind the definitions mentioned above. When researching artificial intelligence, you might have come across the terms “strong” and “weak” AI. As these words are being written in 2018, we live in an age of weak and narrow AI. 'strong' AI and its ethical implications. strong AI Searle begins by distinguishing weak vs. Strong Emergence: Contested Phenomena. Artificial Intelligence atau yang sering disingkat AI adalah suatu kecerdasan buatan yang diprogram agar dapat berpikir seperti layaknya manusia. Weak vs strong artificial intelligence Weak artificial intelligence (or ‘narrow’) relies on programmed responses to simulate intelligence, often with a specific task in mind. Weak AI is easily identified by. can construct machinery capable of. Weak AI specializes in a particular task, like answering user questions or playing chess. In contrast, weak AI may efficiently solve problems or perform tasks but does not emulate emotional understanding or responses. Searle's thought experiment begins with this hypothetical premise: suppose that artificial intelligence research has succeeded in constructing a computer that behaves as if it understands Chinese. Another ability humans have is to use their life experiences in order to plan for the future. — Pages 16-17, Ensemble Methods, 2012. #EngineeringDrive #ArtificialIntelligence #StrongandWeakAIIn this video, the following topic is covered. Narrow AI (Weak AI) General AI (Strong AI) Super AI. It’s smart at what it’s designed for but doesn’t have general intelligence or understanding like humans. Weak vs Strong typing. There are 3 types of artificial intelligence (AI): narrow or weak AI, general or strong AI, and artificial superintelligence. 3 Q. Weak AI: Understanding their fundamental differences" with subsections on autonomous systems such as robots and advanced chatbots for strong AI, and virtual assistants and recommender systems for weak AI. Strong AI not only emulates human-like decision-making but also has the potential to comprehend emotions and exhibit emotional responses. CLO: 3. (AGI) Artificial General Intelligence. Strong AI. The problem with these definitions is that. What it does: Currently, Weak AI is becoming ubiquitous. Weak AI designates computer programs capable of surpassing humans in complex tasks on a narrow and precisely delimited domain (such as playing chess). I borrow the terms “weak AI” and “strong AI” here without an intent to discuss CRA. . Weak vs Strong AI. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Cybernetics, Jean Piaget, sensorimotor stage and more. - The state is subject to direct public control. Narrow AI: Narrow AI also known as Weak AI or Narrow AI. . Strong AI employs a philosophy of mind. Strong vs. Kecerdasan buatan ini di program agar dapat menampilkan hal-hal sesuai dengan perilaku dan kecerdasan manusia. General AI. strong AI. The first two types belong to a category known as narrow AI, or AI that's trained to perform a specific or limited range of tasks. Explaining machine learning in simple terms a. When you use a voice. Strong AI vs Weak AI: Characteristics Strong AI, is capable of learning, reasoning, and adapting across a wide range of fields. de Auf EU-Ebene sollen [email protected] strengths of binary acids increase from left to right within the same period. , [15–18]. Title: The Divide in AI: Strong vs. These Narrow AI systems are designed and trained for a purpose. Weak (or “narrow”) AI. Besides categorizing AI by its functionalities, this technology can also be divided into its capabilities, which are the abilities that produce an outcome. Weak AI doesn’t necessarily entail strong AI, but prima facie it does. Not concerned with how tasks are performed, mostly concerned with performance and efficiency, such as solutions that are reasonable for NP-Complete problems. Is artificial intelligence more like science or philosophy? Science and philosophy both strive to increase our knowledge and understanding. Weak or ‘narrow’ AI means that AI is trained to perform specific tasks. Simply put, it is AI that performs a limited range of tasks. 3. Dalam arti lain, AI merupakan sistem komputer yang dapat melakukan. Which describes the state of “weak” vs. The strong AI hypothesis: the philosophical position that a computer program that causes a machine to behave exactly like a human being would also give the machine subjective conscious experience and a mind, in exactly the same sense that human beings have minds. All real-world examples of AI fall under the category of weak AI. Some of you may be confused. A concept class Cis weakly PAC-learnable iff it is strongly PAC-learnable. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 6th edition Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving 1 Strong AI vs. Even OpenAI’s ChatGPT is considered a form of Narrow AI because it’s limited to the single task of text-based chat. Weak artificial intelligence, also known as Narrow AI, refers to a type of AI that is designed to perform specific tasks within a narrow domain. Sorted by: 4. It reveals whether or not the distinction between so-called strong AI scenarios (due to which a human-level of cognition should be reached in a computer) and weak AI scenarios (operating by using. strong AI. Use knowledge and experience acquired to plan for the future. It has no self-awareness. The major difference between weak and strong AI is that weak AI is programmed to perform a single task. Narrow AI is designed and trained ona specific task or a narrow range tasks. Also, strong AI has a list of demands to work correctly. The usual distinction is that strong AI, also known as artificial general intelligence, refers to systems that can perform arbitrary tasks requiring intellect, whereas a weak AI is only able to perform specific intellectual tasks. general AI, weak AI vs. Strong vs. Therefore, 3. The integration of Artificial Intelligence in museums has sparked a debate over 'weak' vs. See related discussions in e. What is Weak AI? Weak AI, also known as narrow AI, is artificial intelligence with limited functionality. Weak AI. These envisioned robots were expected to interact with humans on various levels. • Weak AI: • This is the use of methods modeled on intelligent. Doing is sometimes referred to. AI is generally broken down into specialized or general and strong or weak AI, depending on its applications. weak AI. Such a system has not yet been developed, and expert opinions differ as if such. There's strong AI, and weak AI. In Spanish, diphthongs can be formed by combining a strong vowel (a, e, or o) and a weak vowel (i or u), or by combining two weak vowels. b. A diphthong is a sound formed by two vowels in a single syllable. General AI has always been elusive. Strong AI vs Weak AI: Functionality. Weak vs. weak AI - So, when is a computer system intelligent? We've seen that when a computer system is just matching symbols, it's almost like a high-tech phrase book. increased security c. Weak AI. Commonly divided into two categories, strong and weak, PUFs have their strength classified by the number of challenge-response pairs (CRPs) that a single device can generate. On the right, a basic robot arm hesitates over a move, representing the limitations of weak AI. Whereas weak AI is constrained in the type of tasks it can perform, strong AI can learn new skills to solve any problem. As machine learning capabilities continue to evolve, and. While Weak AI specializes in specific and limited tasks, Strong AI aims to achieve or surpass human intelligence in multiple areas. Check out some. According to Statista, AI earned organizations more than $6. Reactive AI. Strong AI is when machines exhibit traits that resemble human intelligence and consciousness – if this is achieved, it ultimately means that machines can make decisions that parallel those made by humans using self. Strong AI enthusiasts aim to create machines that truly understand, while Weak AI fans focus on practical. With the former, the system has been designed to. Chinese room thought experiment. This includes perceptual tasks, such as vision and. These AI systems are designed to perform specific tasks, such as language translation, image recognition, or customer support chatbots. Artificial Intelligence, or AI, is increasingly becoming a part of our everyday lives, even if we don't always know it. Oct 02, 2023. It is not a general AI and is only used for specific purpose. Artificial intelligence (AI) is a rapidly growing technology that is changing our lives. Narrow or Weak AI. Weak Entity. Strong AI, otherwise known as Artificial General Intelligence, is a computer system designed to think and act like a human. Terminology. This is the video tutorial#02 for Artificial Intelligence complete course from beginner to advanced level. Strong AI is still relegated to the world of science fiction. While Weak AI specializes in specific and limited tasks, Strong AI aims to achieve or surpass human intelligence in multiple [email protected] takes Chinese characters as input and, by following the instructions of a computer program, produces. 5 Q. Is Strong AI Possible? Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a very common term today, but what present-day AI is and what most people think it is, can be very different. Let’s take a closer look at each. . Which describes the state of “weak” vs. In any given case, AGI can think, comprehend, and behave in a manner that is distinct from that of a person. · Narrow AI is programmed to operate within a set of pre-defined functions that the programming is taught to complete or solve. Though these terms might seem confusing, you likely already have a sense of what they mean. The state of "weak" vs. CLO: 4. Main stream machine learning research on deep artificial neural networks (ANNs) may even. AI used in the legal industry is commonly referred to as “weak” (or “shallow”) AI. The goal is for artificial intelligence to progress to the point where humans can interact with robots that are sentient, intelligent, and driven. Strong artificial intelligence can perform any task a human can do. Automate incoming communication channels, monitor databases, react to incoming webhooks, web forms and chat bots. weak AI - So, when is a computer system intelligent? We've seen that when a computer system is just matching symbols, it's almost like a high-tech phrase book. Weak vs Strong AI; Intro to Large Models for vision and language; AI4Science applications; Current LLVMs and failures; Class overview, homeworks, grading policy; Pietro Georgia Slides - Part A by Pietro: pdf;. You might have seen examples of strong AI in sci-fi movies like Wall-E, Big Hero 6, The Terminator, Vision from Marvel, etc. However, some academic sources reserve the term "strong AI" for computer programs that experience sentience or. Strikingly, however, it is not prominent in current debates on ethical aspects of AI and robotics. the ability to sense, understand, reason, learn and act in dynamic environments. artificial general intelligence); (3) clarifies how to judge which paradigm a research. Its applications are very specific. {"payload":{"allShortcutsEnabled":false,"fileTree":{"Fundamentals of AI - Module 1":{"items":[{"name":"handtaken","path":"Fundamentals of AI - Module 1/handtaken. The marketplace will have “strong” AI solutions ready for delivery within the next year. and interference. The current state of AI offerings would be classified mostly as “weak” AI at this point. Learn the differences between weak and strong AI. Narrow AI usually carries out one particular task with extremely high efficiency which mimics human intelligence. It aids in proliferating information and data sources, improving software's data management capabilities, and designing intricate and. According to my own observations, when it comes to 'strong' & 'weak' LLMs and the susceptibility to 'psycho-manipulation', 'size' of the training dataset isn't actually as important as some of much less measurable traits of mind - like honesty with the 'inner-self' and the awareness of own advantages/disadvantages or the amount of corrupted. Weak vs. Current AI applications are typically designed to carry out one task, becoming increasingly good at it as they are fed more data. Weak AI targets a specific task where analyzing large amounts of data assists in problem solving. Even when Bing goes off the deep end and proclaims its love for a The New York Times reporter, it. On the one hand, the latter (superintelligence) is a specification, a subset of the former (strong AI). The terms have then evolved: strong AI refers to AI that performs as well as humans (who have minds), weak AI refers to AI that doesn't. The difference between strong and weak AI is that strong AI is the future of artificial intelligence, while weak AI is the present form of artificial intelligence. Find out how these different forms of AI work and. Weak vs. strong AI. Artificial intelligence is a machine that's able to learn, make decisions, and take action—even when it encounters a situation it has never come across before. Education for Collaborative Future. Weak (or “narrow”) AI. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has vast potential in marketing. Sumera Saeed. Is theWhich describes the state of "weak" vs. While Weak AI has current practical applications, Strong AI is still in development and poses significant technical and ethical challenges. AI can be clustered into three categories within this definition: weak AI, strong AI, and artificial superintelligence. Weak AI,refers to AI systems that are developed for specialized tasks or constrained domains. Weak AI. 強人工智慧（Strong Artificial Intelligence） ：. Weak vs strong AI. The claim that weak AI is possible is the claim that machines could simulate the. Weak AI vs Strong AI Src: Differnces Weak AI •focuses on performing a specific task •can perform one type of task •lacks human consciousness, but can simulateit sometimes •Result is predictable •Achievable and achieved now Strong AI •can perform a. 期望電腦能執行所有人類的工作，除了具有認知能力之外，還能夠推理、自學、溝通甚至擁有自我意識. Weak vs. It should develop its common sense and communication skills developed from the observation of people, surroundings, and many other elements. strong artificial intelligence (AI). Google and NASA together have announced that Google's AI was used by NASA's Kepler mission to analyse 35,000 potential star systems to identify stars that are likely to have planetary systems . AI detractors say, “‘AI’ seems to be intelligence, but isn’t. . The Turing Test was the first test of artificial intelligence and is now a bit outdated. An example is an AI trained on trees might be able to create images of trees. Even if we one day do have AI's that are indistinguishable from humans, there will no doubt be a debate on whether those AI's really "understand" what they're doing. If it operates like a human and isn’t bound to completing one specific task, it’s strong AI. Human intervention is necessary for weak AI to interpret the parameters of its understanding algorithms and to obtain the necessary training data to ensure. 2. People are fascinated by what it does and what it could do. In contrast, weak AI may efficiently solve problems or perform tasks but does not emulate emotional understanding or responses. Thinking here refers to real thinking, not just simulated. 強人工智慧 （ Strong AI ）或 通用人工智慧 （英語： Artificial General Intelligence ）是具備與 人類 同等 智慧 、或超越人類. The concept of weak and strong AI emanates from Searle’s objection to the argument put forward by the proponents of the idea that the relation between the brain and the body of a human being is identical in many respects to the relation between the hardware and the software of AI and MC. An example would be any computer game where one player is the user and the other. (Also known as Functionalism (philosophy) or the Computational theory of mind ). , [15–18]. Strong AI is essentially AI that is capable of human-level, general intelligence. This paper will reconsider the possibilities of Strong and Weak AI in the context of John Dewey’s naturalistic pragmatism to recast our understandings of the qualities of “weak” and “strong” AI, and ultimately present the. Strong AI must go through the same developmental process that now the human brain goes through from life course. Current AI lacks common sense, that is, it is not able to infer, understand, or explain the hidden processes, forces, and causes behind data. . a. Researchers improved the technology over time to improve its performance on various tasks. In other words, AGI can successfully perform any intellectual task that a human being can. It has the ability to take in data and put it into action. Once people know the difference between strong AI and weak AI, they’ll be well-equipped to learn from and contribute to the… What Is the Definition of Strong AI? Also known as artificial general intelligence (AGI), strong AI can communicate and reason like humans. 3. A weak matrix leans more towards the functional side. Automate on-premises and cloud-based business processes to cut costs and save time. They have the ability to process and make independent decisions, whereas weak AI-based machines only simulate human. Weak vs. of human intelligent behavior, whereas strong AI, in seeking to engineer a computational system with all the causal power of a mind, focuses on the ontological ” [12]. Weak AI, also known as narrow AI, focuses on performing a specific task, such as answering questions based on user input or playing chess. This can result in large increases in productivity and efficiency, particularly in areas requiring great precision and speed, such as manufacturing and healthcare. It is. As it turns out, 'weak & strong AI' is already used by the experts but it deals mostly with multimodality and/or multi-tasking, with 'weak AI' being capable of handling only one type of tasks and 'strong AI' being capable to handle multiple different tasks similarly to a human - I think however that my use of those terms seems to be more. Artificial intelligence (AI) is the ability of computers or computer-controlled machines to execute human-like activities. - Power highly decentralized among state and nonstate actors. As it turns out, 'weak & strong AI' is already used by the experts but it deals mostly with multimodality and/or multi-tasking, with 'weak AI' being capable of handling only one type of tasks and 'strong AI' being capable to handle multiple different tasks similarly to a human - I think however that my use of those terms seems to be more. Common “soft” artificial intelligence. Whereas strong AI is not fully implemented or testable yet, so it is only really fantasized. The two methods are similar, but classification uses pre-defined rules, while clustering identifies similarities between objects and groups them accordingly. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 6th edition Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving 1 Strong AI vs. Narrow AI: Narrow AI also known as Weak AI or Narrow AI. Another way that we use to divide the different types of artificial intelligence is by categorizing them as weak and strong, also known as narrow and general. ChatGPT is a powerful weak AI, proficient in generating text, translating languages, and creating content. In any given case, AGI can think, comprehend, and behave in a manner that is distinct from that of a person. e. “strong” Artificial Intelligence in the marketplace? Ans: The current state of AI offerings would be classified mostly as “weak” AI at this point. Artificial intelligence (AI) is a fixture of modern conversations. e. 'Weak' AI, also known as narrow AI, is designed to perform. Similarly, for the weak form. Narrow (or “weak”) AI Some go even further to define artificial intelligence as “narrow” and “general” AI. O Al models have surpassed human capabilities to evolve and change. 2. According to this idea, a weak AI is an AI system that doesn’t have a mind or consciousness. Strong AI vs. It can perform one kind of task but not the other. Meaning Of Strong AI And Weak AI. Formulate a problem as state space search problem, and apply appropriate search algorithms to solve them. c. strong AI According to its capabilities, AI can be categorized as weak or strong , and within their framework, we distinguish the following three types of AI systems: Artificial Narrow Intelligence or Narrow AI is also called weak AI is so called because of its limitations – it has predefined functions and can perform narrowly. When you use a voice recognition system like Alexa (Amazon Echo) to turn on the lights, that’s weak AI in action. Weak vs strong artificial intelligence. To gain a more in-depth understanding of Strong vs. Siri, and facial recognition software. If you want to learn more about AI and. In this video, see the difference between strong and weak artificial intelligence. Strong AI· Machine learning, neural networks, and deep learning· Natural language processing and computer visionEssential AI Tools and Platforms· TensorFlow and PyTorch· IBM Watson· OpenAI· Microsoft Azure Cognitive Services· Google Cloud AI Real-World AI Applications· Healthcare: Diagnostics and personalized medicine. Weak AI vs. Weak vs Strong AI (ANI) Artificial Narrow Intelligence. 심리철학(Philosophy of Mind) 심신문제(Mind-Body Problem) 연구. d. Examples of weak AI include. weak AI - The philosopher John Searle pointed out that you can think of artificial intelligence in two different ways. It is applied in everything from video games,. The AI you know is "weak" AI, but the AI many fear is "strong. How long. O The current state of Al offerings would be classified mostly as "weak" Al at this point. Strong AI vs. In the broadest possible sense, artificial intelligence is a machine that's able to learn, make. People are fascinated by what it does and what it could do. 529 billion. Weak entity depends on strong entity. However, to understand fully what AI is and the issues that concern it, studying various definitions is necessary. To see how applying a weak learner to an adaptively designed short sequence of distributions can result in a strong learner, we start with a warm up that applies to a specific class of weak-learners. strong AI. 지능의 행동적 실용적 관점 (behaviouristic and pragmatic view of intelligence) 을 연구하기 위해 소프트웨어를 사용하는 것 Weak or narrow artificial intelligence (AI) is what we encounter daily today. Quote:Original post by AsbestosThat's not quite the distinction between Strong and Weak AI. artificial general intelligence. Weak AI, we need to dig around a bit deeper than what the fundamental definitions represent. strong AI. - Turing suggested machine must be good at strong AI to pass - Searle suggested weak. It is weak AI because ChatGPT is a good example of artificial general intelligence. mind/brain as a computational device. Real artificial intelligence is about building minds, which consists of consciousness, imagination, perception, thinking, judgment, language and memory. C. Artificial intelligence is the overarching system. This debate shapes the future of AI research. Strong vs. According to this idea, a weak AI is an AI system that doesn’t have a mind or consciousness. Weak AI is commonly associated with basic technology like voice-recognition software such as Siri or Alexa as mentioned in Terminology. It’s the number of node layers, or depth, of neural networks that distinguishes a single neural network from a deep learning algorithm. Strong vs. of human intelligent behavior, whereas strong AI, in seeking to engineer a computational system with all the causal power of a mind, focuses on the ontological ” [12]. Within AI, there are two main categories: strong AI and weak AI. There are many different types of AI, but two of the most commonly discussed are strong AI and weak AI. There are 3 types of artificial intelligence (AI): narrow or weak AI, general or strong AI, and artificial superintelligence. Some would suggest that these two domains of inquiry are. Weak AI refers to the use of advanced algorithms to accomplish specific problem solving or reasoning tasks that do not encompass the full range of. Weak AI can outperform humans on the specific tasks it is designed for,. Examples of strong AI include robots that can carry out a variety of tasks such as voice recognition, advanced decision. While weak AI focuses on automating specific tasks, strong AI is capable of learning and thinking like humans do. This view implies that if a programmer types the right program into a computer console, then. Surprisingly, it does not appear in…Since strong learners are desirable yet difficult to get, while weak learners are easy to obtain in real practice, this result opens a promising direction of generating strong learners by ensemble methods. ” But there is no scientific agreement about what thought or intelligence is, like there is about gold. ThinkAutomation powers your business process automation. What is the benefit of a self-learning model to IT Company A clients’ work? 20 Q. Strong vs. Narrow AI cannot comprehend the context, but AGI does. Science AI vs Enginereeing AI. On the left, a sophisticated robot plays chess with a human, demonstrating the capabilities of strong AI. Strong AI vs. It's a bit more subtle than that (and pace Eric Lippert, i think the term is reasonably well-defined). g. Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI): Sometimes referred to as Weak AI, Artificial Narrow Intelligence is AI that specializes in one area. "strong" Artificial Intelligence in the marketplace can be described as follows: Step 2/3 1. Weak AI has a limited scope, missing the comprehensive knowledge and diverse capabilities desired by Strong AI, and focuses on task proficiency rather than human-like cognition. Strong and Weak Bases. Is Strong AI Possible? Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a very common term today, but what present-day AI is. People are fascinated by what it does and what it could do. Strong AI—in its original intended definition—is the hypothesis that "the brain is a digital computer, and the mind is a computer program". It can develop better technologies for interplanetary communication to help. Purpose. 5. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Weak vs. Machine learning is a subset of AI. iocan help in realizing the plan of God 1=I AM. Strong Artificial Intelligence. Weak AI. 1. AGI is also known as strong AI, full AI, human-level AI or general intelligent action. Strong AI, on the other hand, is intended to be as smart as a human being. Most of what we experience in our day-to-day lives is narrow AI, which performs a single task or a set of closely related tasks. In an untyped. Weak entity depends on strong entity. The reason why this is called "strong induction" is that we use more statements in the inductive hypothesis. As these words are being written in 2018, we live in an age of weak and narrow AI. (Must read - All About AIoT (Artificial Intelligence of Things)) Strong AI vs Weak AI . Equation 3: The stationarity condition. Strong AI vs. Weak vs Strong AI Jan 20, 2020 Machine Reading Jan 22, 2018 AI in Space Science Dec 15, 2017 AI - breaking new barriers Dec 7, 2017 IIOT - Some thoughts Nov 20, 2017. In Zwei Wochen findet die Veranstaltung statt: Jetzt kostenlos anmelden unter: n. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has vast potential in marketing. Weak AI, also known as narrow AI, focuses on performing a specific task, such as answering questions based on user input or playing chess. Weak AI Intelligence is tricky to define, which is why AI experts typically distinguish between strong AI and weak AI. The latter is not. Summary of Strong vs. 2. This is “weak” AI and contrasts to the intent of the “strong” AI enthusiasts who aim to do nothing less than create a thinking, conscious machine that is the equal or better than a human. However, many AI researcher have pursued the aim of developing artificial intelligence that is in principle identical to human intelligence, called strong AI. Test. Strong AI will have a mind of its own and will be able to accomplish any type of task that its ‘mind’ can envision. Reasoning is a core trait that divides artificial intelligence. There is a fundamental difference between strong AI and weak AI. The names have evolved in recent years, but the terms can generally be. At this point, the majority of AI offerings are considered to be "weak" AI. In this paper, the author (1) explains why controversies about AI exist; (2) discriminates two paradigms of AI research, termed "weak AI" and "strong AI" (a. - Power highly decentralized among state and nonstate actors. Weak vs Strong AI. . 15. Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as it is only trained for one specific task. Weak vs. The weak vs. H 2 SO 4 - sulfuric acid ( HSO4- is a weak acid) HBr - hydrobromic acid. Weak vs. 2.